E-Book

E-Book 2nd Congress

  • Cholera as a Problem in Laboratory Diagnosis; A Review on Diagnostic Methods and Its Molecular Mechanisms.
  • Seyyed Mohammad Amin Mousavi Sagharchi,1,* Alireza Kiamanesh,2 Elahe Sedighpour,3
    1. Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Tehran, Iran
    2. Molecular Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
    3. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran


  • Introduction: Cholera is an infectious disease that occurs in humans after drinking or eating liquids or foods contaminated with Vibrio cholera bacteria. This disease causes fatal symptoms such as severe diarrhea, which eventually kills a person due to excessive loss of body water. This disease becomes acute in two or three days and can lead to the death of the patient in five days. Therefore, on-time treatment and correct diagnosis of this disease in communities are very effective and useful for controlling and preventing upcoming epidemics.
  • Methods: Authors have done their best try to study different papers which have been published in English in recent decades. Due to this fact, different search engines (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Sciences, and Scopus) read the abstracts and full articles and select effective papers.
  • Results: Although the diagnosis of this disease is usually based on the symptoms and the physicians make the diagnosis directly, in some people this disease can be asymptomatic and the person is the only carrier that has the potential to cause an epidemic. Therefore, to distinguish cholera from other diarrheal diseases, the laboratory diagnosis of this bacterium becomes important. The good potential of diagnostic methods in the laboratory to find this disease among people requires the investigation and creation of molecular, microbial, and serological methods. This bacterium is located in the digestive system and can be detected through the patient's stool, so most diagnostic tests are designed and produced based on stool samples; Furthermore, this disease can also be diagnosed by measuring the amount of immunoglobulins (Ig)/antigens (Ag) in the blood (e.g., IgM) and in the stool (e.g., IgA). To identify this bacterium, like other pathogenic microorganisms, rapid and time-consuming methods have been designed. Microbial diagnosis including culture and detection of bacteria with Kerry Blair as the transfer medium, and selective medium thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt (TCBS) agar. cholera rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) including the Crystal® VC dipstick rapid test based on the immunochromatographic assay, beacon-based real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), other molecular assays that investigate the genome sequence and DNA such as Enzyme-labelled oligonucleotide/DNA probe hybridization assay, genosensor, and Multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (MP-PCR) assay. Serological methods which measure the immunoglobulins (e.g., IgG) including Bandi's test, Radial passive immune hemolysis test, Coagglutination test, Cholera-Direct fluorescent assay, GM1-ganglioside-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GM1-ELISA), latex agglutination assay. Furthermore, Vibrio cholera is viable but nonculturable (VBNC) in aquatic environments, so taking environmental samples is mistakable; molecular tests cover this problem and make the diagnosis from environmental samples before people are infected.
  • Conclusion: More than 100 serogroups have been identified for Vibrio cholera bacteria, but only two serogroups O1 and O139 are cases of the pandemic. In the microbial method, the observation of yellow colonies in the selective culture medium indicates the presence of bacteria. To perform different methods from the samples prepared in molecular diagnosis, we use the expansion and amplification of the bacterial genome with ELISA and PCR assays. structural and non-structural proteins of lytic vibriophage that are antigenically unique in feces that cause monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) secretion; can be an effective factor in rapid molecular diagnostic methods. In this article, we investigate the cellular and molecular mechanism of various diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of Vibrio cholera.
  • Keywords: Cholera AND Vibrio cholera AND Infectous Disease AND Laboratory diagnosis